Phyllanthus amarus protects against potassium-dichromate pituitary toxicity via the oxidative pathway and improves the gonadotropins in male Wistar rats

Kingsley Afoke Iteire; Charity Ayomide Adenodi; Olalekan Marvelous Olatuyi; Raphael Eguono Uwejigho; Temidayo Daniel Adeniyi

doi:10.20883/medical.e834

Authors

Kingsley Afoke Iteire Department of Anatomy, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo state, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5786-2926
Charity Ayomide Adenodi Department of Anatomy, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria
Olalekan Marvelous Olatuyi Department of Pharmacology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria
Raphael Eguono Uwejigho Department of Anatomy, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria
Temidayo Daniel Adeniyi Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20883/medical.e834

Keywords:

Potassium Dichromate, Phyllanthus amarus, Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Background. Phyllanthus amarus is an antioxidant plant with numerous beneficial biological activities, but scarce information on its neuroprotective role against potassium dichromate (PDC)-induced neurotoxicity. This research investigated the antioxidant effect of aqueous Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract (APALE) on PDC-induced rats.

Materials and methods. Fifty male Wistar rats (120-130g) were randomized into five groups (A-E, n=10). Group A: (Control) distilled water; B: 300mg/kg APALE; C: 17mg/kg PDC; D: 17mg/kg PDC + 400mg/kg APALE; E: 17mg/kg PDC + 200mg/kg APALE. Administrations were once daily via an orogastric cannula for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained for hormonal assay (FSH and LH). The animals were euthanized, and pituitary glands were harvested and homogenized for Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Reductase (GSH) by x-ray crystallography, Malondialdehyde (MDA) by thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and paraffin embedding sections, for histological and histochemical evaluations.

Results. Morphometric analysis revealed that PDC caused a reduction in body and brain weights, volume, and weight of the pituitary gland. Masson trichrome demonstrates excessive accumulation of collagen fibers on PDC-treated tissues resolved by APALE. There was a significant increase in MDA in the PDC group and a decrease in the APALE groups compared to the control. In APALE groups, the SOD, CAT, GSH, and T-Protein levels significantly increased compared to the control group. PDC significantly decreased LH and FSH levels compared to the control. However, APALE restored these changes.

Conclusions. APALE demonstrated potent protective activity against PDC-induced pituitary toxicity.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Lein, P.J., Spencer, P.S. (2014). Neurotoxicity In: Wexler, P. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Elsevier Inc., Academic Press, 2014;3(3): 489–500. ISBN: 9780123864543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00169-X

Oria, M., Harrison, M., & Stallings, V.A. Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Toxicity – Dietary Reference Intakes for Toxicity – Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium – NCBI Bookshelf. 2019, March 5. https://doi.org/10.17226/25353. Accessed 20/12/2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/25353

Turito. Dichromate: Characteristics, Uses, Types. Retrieved December 23, 2022, from https://www.turito.com/blog/chemistry/dichromate

Mary Momo, C., Ferdinand N., Omer Bebe, N., Alexane Marquise, M., Augustave, K., Bertin Narcisse, V., Herve, T., et al. Oxidative Effects of Potassium Dichromate on Biochemical, Hematological Characteristics, and hormonal Levels in Rabbit Doe (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Veterinary Sciences. 2019; 6(1): 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6010030

Sonia Verma, Hitender Sharma, Munish Garg. Phyllanthus Amarus: A Review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2015; 3(2): 18-22

Surendra K. Sharma and M. A. Sheela. Pharmacognostic evaluation of leaves of certain Phyllanthus species used as a botanical source of Bhumyamalaki in Ayurveda. Ayu. 2011 Apr-Jun; 32(2): 250–253.doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.92552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.92552

Patel, R., Tripathi, P., Sharma, vikas, Chauhan, N. S., & Kumar, V. (2011, September 29). Phyllanthus amarus: Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology: A review. J Ethnopharmacol, 2011 Nov 18;138(2):286-313. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.040. Epub 2011 Sep 29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.040

Karuna, R., Reddy, S. S., Baskar, R., &Saralakumari, D. (2009, April). Antioxidant potential of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus in rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2009 Apr; 41(2): 64–67.doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.51342 PMCID: PMC2841234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.51342

Jayaram, S., Thyagarajan, S.P., Sumathi, S., Manjula, S., Malathi, S., Madanagopalan, N., The efficiency of Phyllanthus amarus treatment in acute viral hepatitis A.B and non-A and non-B: an open clinical trial. Indian Journal of Virology, 1997; 13: 59–64.

Foo, L.Y., Wong, H., Phyllanthusiin D an unusual hydrolyzable tannin from Phyllanthus amarus. Phytochemistry, 1992; 31: 711–713. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)90071-W

National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 8th Edition. 2011;128-150. ISBN: 978-0-309-18663-6

Akilandeshwari Alagan, Ibrahim Jantan, Endang Kumolosasi, Satoshi Ogawa, Maizaton Atmadini A., Norazrina Azmi. Protective effects of Phyllanthus amarus against Lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairement in rats. Front Pharmacol. 2019, 10: 632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00632

B. Joseph and S.J. Raj, 2011. An overview: Pharmacognostic properties of Phyllanthus amarus Linn. International Journal of Pharmacology, 7:40-45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2011.40.45

R. Karuna, Vijaya G. Bharathi, Sreenivasa S. Reddy, B. Ramesh, and D. Saralakumari. Protective effects of Phyllanthus marus aqueous extract against renal oxidative stress in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011; 43(4):414-418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.83112

Fiati Kenston, S. S., Su, H., Li, Z., Kong, L., Wang, Y., Song, X., Gu, Y., Barber, T., Aldinger, J., Hua, Q., Li, Z., Ding, M., Zhao, J., & Lin, X. (2018, January 29). The systemic toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in rats. Toxicology Research (RSC Publishing), 2018; 3: 311–540. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TX00260B DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TX00260B

Snejana Petrovici., Alexandra Trif., MilcaPetrovici., Eugenia Dumitrescu., Lucia Olariu., CameliaTulcan., and Alina Ghise. Effect of potassium dichromate intake on feed intake and body weight in female rats, Rattus norvegicus (exposure on three generations). Human & Veterinary Medicine International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 2010; 2(1), 31-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/590432

Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew, B. B., &Beeregowda, K. N. (2014, November 15). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals - PMC. PubMed Central (PMC). 2014; 7(2): 60-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009

Murtha, L. A., Schuliga, M. J., Mabotuwana, N. S., Hardy, S. A., Waters, D. W., Burgess, J. K., Knight, D. A., & Boyle, A. J. (2017, September 22). The Processes and Mechanisms of Cardiac and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Frontiers. Retrieved February 21, 2023, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017.00777/full DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00777

J. Bucher NTP toxicity studies of sodium dichromate dihydrate (CAS No. 7789-12-0) administered in drinking water to male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice and male BALB/c and am3-C57BL/6 mice Toxic Rep Ser, 2007;77: 1-G4

Silvana I. Nudler, Fernanda A. Quinteros, Eliana A. Miler, Jimena P. Cabilla, Sonia A. Ronchetti, Beatriz H. Duvilanski, Chromium VI administration induces oxidative stress in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland from male rats,Toxicology Letters, 2009; 185(3): 187–192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.01.003

A. Patlolla, C. Barnes, D. Hackett, P. Tchounwou Potassium dichromate induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2009; 6: 643–653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6020643

Younus H. (2018). Therapeutic potentials of superoxide dismutase. International Journal of health sciences. 2018; 12(3), 88–93.

Ogunmoyole, Awodooju, Idowu, & Daramola. Phyllanthus amarus extract restored deranged biochemical parameters in rat model of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Phyllanthus Amarus Extract Restored Deranged Biochemical Parameters in Rat Model of Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity - ScienceDirect, 2020; 6(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05670

Ankita Nandi, Liang-Jun Yan, Chandan Kumar Jana, Nilanjana Das, "Role of Catalase in Oxidative Stress- and Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Article ID 9613090, 2019; 2019:19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9613090. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9613090

K. Amin, S. Mohamed, T. El-Said, S. Khalid. The protective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles against hepatic oxidative damage induced by monocrotaline Int J Nanomed. 2011;6: 143–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S15308

Couto, N., Wood, J., & Barber, J. The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes on cellular redox homeostasis network. Free radical biology & medicine, 95, 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed. 2016; 02:028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.028

Forman, H. J., Zhang, H., & Rinna, A.Glutathione: overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Molecular aspects of medicine. 2009; 30(1-2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.006

VIVO pathophysiology, 2018. Available at http: www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/ endocrine/hypopit/lhfsh.html. accessed 20/12/2022.

Retana-Márquez, S., Juárez-Rojas, L., & Casillas, F. Interaction of Adrenal and Gonadal Axes during Stress in Males. Research & Reviews: Journal of Zoological Sciences. 2016; 4(1):13-17

Hardy, M.P., Goa, H.B., Dong, Q., Ge, R., & Wang, Q. Stress hormone and male reproductive function. Cell Tissue Respiration. 2005; 322:147–153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-005-0006-2

Retana-Márquez, S., & Biwer. Sexual behavior attenuates the effects of chronic stress in body weight, testes, sexual accessory glands, and plasma testosterone in male rats. Hormones and Behaviour. 2014; 66: 766–778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.09.002

Banu, S. K., Samuel, J. B., Arosh, J. A., Burghardt, R. C., & Aruldhas, M. M. Lactational exposure to hexavalent chromium delays puberty by impairing ovarian development, steroidogenesis and pituitary hormone synthesis in developing Wistar rats. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2008; 232(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.06.002