Drug design: 4-thiazolidinones applications. Part 1. Synthetic routes to the drug-like molecules Lesyk Roman dr_r_lesyk@org.lviv.net Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University Lviv Ukraine 04 02 2020

4-Thiazolidinones, as examples of privileged scaffolds, have been the focus of medicinal chemistry since 60th. Among them, 5-substituted thiazolidinones with a C5 exocyclic bond (5-ene derivatives) are of special interest due to chemical characteristics and pharmacological profiles, possessing anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, as well as being high-affinity ligands to a number of biological targets. A new medicinal chemistry trend claims that the aforementioned compounds are frequent hitters or pan assay interference compounds, which are useless because of the possible low selectivity. This is argued by the Michael acceptor property of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones, which is actively discussed in the literature and requires further investigation. Based on SAR analysis, the main vectors for the design of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinone-based molecules were proposed: complication of C5 fragment; introduction of the substituents in the N3 position; synthesis of isosteric heterocycles; combination with other pharmacologically attractive fragments; annealing of thiazolidinone core; utilisation of 5-ene-thiazolidinones in synthesis of other compounds. The affinity of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones toward various targets can be regarded as an advantage in polypharmacological approaches. Michael acceptors are considered as the “new old tool” for new drug creation, especially anticancer agents. One of the possible solutions within privileged substructure-based diversity-oriented synthesis is the fixation of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinone fragment in the fused heterocycles, for example, thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles obtained from 5-ene-thiazolidinones.

 Structure-based drug design 5-Ene-4-thiazolidinones Thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles SAR analysis Michael acceptors

The 4-thiazolidinone core is well known privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry and is a powerful tool in the design of new drug-like molecules, especially within rational privileged substructure-based diversity-oriented synthesis [1-6]. Among the diversity of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives, 5-ene-4-thiazolidinone-based compounds (Figure 1) are of special interest (most 4-thiazolidinone-based drugs, drug-candidates and lead-compounds belong to the mentioned subtypes). This is outlined in the thesis regarding the crucial role of the C5 substituent’s nature in biological activity realisation. The conjugation of the C5-ene fragment to the C4 carbonyl group makes such compounds electrophilic and potentially reactive due to the possible Michael addition of the nucleophilic protein residues to the exocyclic double bond compound. Thus, 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones can be treated as Michael acceptors (MA) [7]. The MA in modern medicinal chemistry possessed dualistic features, which characterises 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones as frequent hitters (promiscuous inhibitors) or pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) that are useless in the drug discovery process because of their possible insufficient selectivity due to the interaction with the biotargets (receptors, enzymes, etc.) [8-11]. However, the low selectivity toward various targets can be regarded as an advantage and baseline for further optimisation, especially in a polypharmacological approach. Many MA are confirmed covalent inhibitors (EGFR-, PI3K-, BTK-, MEK-inhibitors etc.) with anticancer properties, with the presence of the MA-moiety increasing the selectivity of known ligands. MA are inductors of phase 2 enzymes and inducible phase 2 proteins that can be treated as new approach for cancer treatment. Such MA are effective activators of Nrf2 through the Keap1 modification that opens new perspectives in the treatment of inflammation, cancer and chemoprevention. Moreover, MAproperties, calculated or predicted in silico, are often not confirmed experimentally (under conditions close to physiological). Currently, the MA are assigned as “old new tool” for anticancer agent design [12,13].

Structure of target 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones

In an attempt to solve this confusion (“negative and positive” profiles of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones) in the spirit of drug design and discovery, we propose two approaches, "biological" and “chemical”. The biological approach is based on the hypothesis regarding the crucial role of the presence/nature of the C-5 substituent of the 4-thiazolidinone core for biological activity realisation and involves the design of new active molecules and the development of directions of 4-thiazolidinone core modification to increase the selectivity and activity level of compounds. The advantage of this approach is that most hit- and lead-compounds belong to the 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones [12-14]. The chemical approach is based on our hypothesis that active 5-ene-4-thiazolidinone fixation in fused thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles allows conservation of the activity vector, therefore opens new possibilities of molecule optimisation. Thus, fused thiazolidinone-based heterocycles could be of special interest as cyclic mimetics of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinone precursors without MA properties [15]. For this reason, rows of different thiopyrano[2,3-d][1,3]thiazoles were designed and synthesised and their anticancer potential was confirmed.

The synthetic strategy is grounded on thiazolidinone-based design, involving a combinatorial approach, diversity-oriented synthesis as well as privileged sub-structure-based diversity-oriented synthesis (bioisostere replacement, natural compounds modifications etc.). Additionally, molecular hybridisation as one of the most employed approaches in new anticancer drug design, allows the design of hybrid molecules where the combination of several privileged scaffolds has been regarded as a benefit.

The "biological" method of drug-like molecule design

SAR analysis outlined the main directions for 4-thiazolidinone optimisation: complication of C5 fragment; modification of N3 and C2 positions; the isosteric replacement; creation of hybrid molecules via combination of thiazolidinone core with other “pharmacologically attractive” fragments (pyrazoline, pyridine, indole, benzothiazole, etc.). Thus, the reaction of (benzothiazol-2-yl)hydrazine with trithiocarbonyl diglycolic acid yielded starting 3-(benzothiazol-2-ylamino)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 1, which was subsequently utilised in a Knoevenagel condensation to obtain a series of 5-arylidene derivatives 2 (Scheme 1, Figure 2) [16,17]. The acetylation of exocyclic nitrogen was observed (3) following acetic anhydride addition to reactive mixture. A similar pattern with the formation of N-acetylsubstituted 5-ethoxymethylene-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 4 was observed in the condensation of 1 with triethyl orthoformate in acetic anhydride. The 5-ethoxymethylene derivative 4 was converted into appropriate enamines 5.

Scheme 1

Following the reaction of 3-aminopyridine or isoniazid with trithiocarbonyl diglycolic acid in an ethanol medium, 3-pyridine substituted rhodanines 6, 7 were obtained. Derivatives 6 and 7 are methylene active heterocycles, which yield a series of 5-arylidene derivatives 8, 9 in the Knovenagel reaction. Moreover, the 5-ethoxymethylene derivatives 10 and 11 were synthesised by the condensation of 6 and 7 with triethyl orthoformate in acetic anhydride. As the amine component in the aminolysis reaction, we tested some 3,5-diarylpyrazolines, which allowed the synthesis of new pyrazoline-thiazolidinone conjugates 12 and 13 (Scheme 2, Figure 3) [18-21].

Scheme 2

Condensation of 2-(4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-3-phenylpropionic acid 14 with triethyl orthoformate yielded 5-ethoxymethylene derivative 15. Interestingly, the simultaneous esterification of the carboxylic group resulted in the ester formation. Compound 15 was converted into appropriate enamines 16–18 (Scheme 3, Figure 4) [22].

Scheme 3

It is known that the reaction of 2-chloroacetamides with thiocyanates does not stop at the nucleophilic substitution stage, but passes spontaneous heterocyclisation with the formation of a 4-thiazolidinone ring and the Dimroth rearrangement with the migration of the substituents in positions 2 and 3. Using this method, various 1,3,4-thia(oxa)diazol-substituted 2-imino-4-thiazolidinones 19 were synthesised (Scheme 4, Figure 5) [18,23]. Compounds 19 were utilised to obtain 5-ene derivatives 20, 21.

Scheme 4

Spiro-substituted 4-thiazolidinone-isatins 22 were obtained in a three-component one-pot reaction of isatin, corresponding to aromatic amine and thioglycolic acid (Scheme 5, Figure 6). The synthesis of 5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinones 23 is described in the Knoevenagel reaction under different conditions. Although commonly used conditions (sodium acetate as catalyst in acetic acid) are not effective in the case of 2-substituted-4-thiazolidinone because of the low reactivity of the methylene group in comparison with rhodanine or 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives, the reaction was performed in isopropanol with the presence of potassium tert-butylate as a catalyst [24].

Scheme 5

The interaction of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles with 4-thioxo-2-thiazolidinones (isorhodanines) yielded 4-pyrazoline-substituted-1,3-thiazole-2-one 24, which were utilised for the synthesis of 5-arylidene derivatives 25 (Scheme 6, Figure 7) [25].

Scheme 6

Detailed biological activity evaluation of pyrazoline-thiazolidinone conjugates 28-32 (Scheme 7, Figure 8) synthesised via the [2+3]-cyclocondensation of 4,5-dihydropyrazole-1-carbothioamides 26 as S,N-binucleophilesand dielectrophilic synthon [C2]2+ allowed the identification of compounds with antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. For the synthesis of target derivatives, chloroaceitc acid, maleic anhydride, maleimides and β-aroylacrylic acids were used as equivalents of dielectrophilic synthon [C2]2+. The tree-component one-pot reaction including [2+3]-cyclocondensation of 4,5-dihydropyrazole-1-carbotioamides 26 with chloroacetic acid and the further Knoevenagel reaction with aromatic aldehydes or isatin derivatives is an effective approach for the design of new anticancer agents from pyrazoline-thiazolidinones 29, 30. Alternatively, 2-(5-aryl-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-ones 28 were obtained following the reaction of 2-carbethoxymethylthio-2-thiazoline-4-one 27 with appropriate 5-aryl-3-phenyl-2-pyrazolines in ethanol [25-27].

Scheme 7

Continuing systematic synthetic studies of heterylsubstituted 4-thiazolidinone, a series of thiosemicarbazones 34 was obtained based on 6-arylimidazo[2,1-b]thiadiazole-5-carbaldehydes 33. The synthesis of the target thiazolidinone/thiazole-indole/imidazothiadiazole hybrids 35–38 was performed via the reaction of [2+3]-cyclocondensation. α-Halogenocarboxylic acids, ethyl-2-chloroacetoacetate, 2-bromoacetophenone, and 2-bromobutyrolactone were used as [C2]2+ reagents. When utilising 2-bromobutyrolactone, compounds with free or acetylated OH group were obtained depending on the reaction medium (Scheme 8, Figure 9). The synthesis of these compounds was confirmed by our preliminary data on the high antitrypanosomal activity of 2-hydrazono-4-thiazolidinones with arylindole moiety in position 2, which are bioisosteric to 6-arylimidazo[2,1-b]thiadiazole [28].

Scheme 8

Next, new oleanolic acid (OA) derivatives with 4-thiazolidinone-carboxylic acids fragments were designed as new potential anticancer agents. The design of the target compounds is outlined on Scheme 10 (Figure 11) and consists of the modification of OA A-ring-linking group by heterocyclic acids, with the use of oxime group as a linker. Starting oximes 43 were synthesised by reacting hydroxylamine hydrochloride with 3-oxooleanolic acid 39, its methyl ester 40, morpholide 41 or 12-bromolactone 42 in ethanol in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate. The mentioned 3-oxooleananes 39–42 were obtained from OA extracted from Viscum album, L. For the synthesis of target 3-O-acyloleanolic acid derivatives 44, the oximes 43 were acylated by 4-thiazolidinone-based heterocyclic acids in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in dioxane or THF at room temperature (Scheme 9, Figure 10). As a result, we designed and synthesised new semi-synthetic compounds with possible satisfactory ADME-tox parameters. Moreover, the oleanane fragment of these derivatives could be considered as an element of drug-delivery systems [29].

Scheme 9

"Chemical" approach for the design of drug-like molecules

The “Chemical” approach is based on the hypothesis that thiopyranothiazole scaffold can be treated as "fixed" 4-thiazolidinone biophore in a "rigid" fused heterocyclic system, thereby preserving the biological activity of synthetic precursors, namely 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones. Thiopyranothiazoles can be considered as bio-mimetics of pharmacologically active 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones without MA properties (Scheme 10, Figure 11). The combination of thiazole and thiopyran cycles in a condensed heterosystem is a precondition for the creation of "centres conservative" of the ligand-target binding complex and promotes potential selectivity to biotargets. Considering the aforementioned arguments, the directed search for new drugs among fused thiazole-based derivatives is justified and a promising direction in modern medicinal chemistry [15].

Scheme 10

The most efficient approach to thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles design is the use of the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction, and 5-ene-4-thioxo-2-thiazolidinones (5-ene-isorhodanines) with 5-ene-2,4-thiazolidinedithiones (5-ene-thiorhodanines) as heterodienes (Scheme 11, Figure 12). These reagents contain in their structure α,β-unsaturated thiocarbonyl fragment similar to the 1-thio-1,3-butadiene which leads to their high reactivity in the [4+2]-сycloadditions. The important condition is the presence of a strong dienophile with electron acceptor properties to decrease the energy difference between diene’s "HOMO" and "LUMO" or "HOMO" of the dienophile. For these reasons, reactions are highly regioselective [30].

Scheme 11

In the pioneering works of our department, the dienophile component was represented by maleic acid and its derivatives (maleic anhydride, maleinimides) and acrylic acid and its derivatives (methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile) [31-33]. Сurrently, we have significantly expanded the list of dienophiles. Thus, the use of cynnamic acids and their amides [34], aroylacrylic [35] and arylidenepyruvic acids [36] as well as dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate [37], propiolic acid and its ethyl ester [38], acroleine [39], 2-norbornene [40,41] and 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imides [42] as dienophiles yielded new thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles 45-52 (Scheme 12, Figure 13).

Scheme 12

We established that the reaction of 5-arylideneisorhodanines with 2(5H)furanone yielded mixtures of endo/exo adducts 53,54 (Scheme 13, Figure 14). Considering the moderate diastereoselectivity, the reaction can occur through endo or exo transition states. Thus, the endo transition state leads to anti configuration, while the exo geometry results in syn configuration of the 8-H respectively [43].

Scheme 13

The reaction of 5-arylideneisorhodanines with trans-aconitic acid proceeds as a regio- and diastereoselective [4+2]-cycloaddition with spontaneous decarboxylation of the adduct 55 to furnish rel-(6R,7R)-diastereomers 56. The same products were synthesised using itaconic acid as dienophile. Interestingly, the one-pot three-component reaction of 5-arylideneisorhodanines, trans-aconitic acid and anilines diastereoselectively yielded rel-(5’R,6'R,7'R)-spiro[pyrrolidin-3,6'-thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazol]-2,2',5-triones 57 without decarboxylation of adducts. The thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles 90 were synthesised using (2,5-dioxo-1-arylpyrrolidin-3-ylidene)-acetic acids as dienophiles. It should be noted that unlike free trans-aconitic acid or its imides, the corresponding trimethyl ester (trimethyl 1-propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate) reacted with opposite regioselectivity resulting in [4+2]-cycloadducts (58) (Scheme 14, Figure 15) [44].

Scheme 14

In the case of utilisation of 1,4-naphthoquinone as a dienophile, intermediates of the [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction undergo spontaneous oxidation with the formation of tetracyclic thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles 59 (Scheme 15, Figure 16) [45].

Scheme 15

It is known that [4+2]-cycloaddition of 5-ethoxymethylidene-4-thiazolidinethiones with dienophiles in boiling acetic acid passes with spontaneous ethanol elimination and the formation of 3,5-dihydro-2H-thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles. Analogously, we observed in the [4+2]-cycloaddition with acrolein, crotonic aldehyde, 2-norbornene and 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid imides (60–62). When the interaction of 5-ethoxymethylene-4-thioxo-2-thiazolidinones with propiolic acid is accompanied by not only the ethanol elimination, but the rearrangement of double bonds with the formation of 2-oxo-2H-thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazole-6-carboxylic acid 63, compound 63 is also formed when using acetylene dicarboxylic acid, which may be explained by additional adduct decarboxylation. [4+2]-Adducts of aroylacrylic acids also undergo elimination of ethanol and decarboxylation with regioselective formation of 64. Interaction with the 1,4-naphthoquinone was accompanied by spontaneous dehydrogenation and ethanol elimination yielding derivative 98 (Scheme 16, Figure 17) [46].

Scheme 16

One of the relatively new areas in thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazole chemistry is the usage of 5-(cyclo)alkylideneisorhodanines as key reagents (Scheme 17, Figure 18). Thus, the strating heterodienes 66 were obtained in the reaction of isorhodanine with acetone, cyclopentanone or cyclohexanone at room temperature and in the presence of triethylamine as a catalyst. Interestingly, performing the reaction in ethanol at the solvent boiling point leads to the formation of tricyclic heterosystems 67. When thiorhodanine is used, only fused derivatives 68 are formed regardless of the reaction conditions. [4+2]-Cycloaddition of 66 with maleinamides, 2-norbornene and (3,5-dioxo-4-azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decen-8-yl-4)-acetic acid yielded derivatives 69–71 [47].

Scheme 17

As a phase of study of the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction, we suggested new tandem and domino processes for the synthesis of polycondensed thiopyranothiazole-based compounds. These reactions allow the synthesis of structurally complex molecules with high selectivity, while the usage of solvents, reagents, adsorbents and energy is significantly reduced compared to traditional multistage synthetic approaches.

The presence of active groups in the o-position of 5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinethiones is an important feature contributing to the passing of tandem processes based on the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. Among the tandem reactions, we distinguished two types of processes: acylation- and hemiacetal-based reactions (Scheme 18, Figure 19). The first approach requires the use of derivatives of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids as dienophiles, and α,β-unsaturated oxo compounds (aldehydes and ketones) in the second.

Scheme 18

Thus, when studying hetero-Diels-Alder-acylation tandem reactions of 5-(2-hydroxyphenylmethylidene)isorhodanines 72 with unsaturated carboxylic acids and their derivatives more precisely, a number of stereochemical peculiarities of these processes were established (Scheme 19, Figure 20). For example, in the reaction of crotonic acid, its amides or anhydride, a mixture of rel-5R,5aR,11bS and rel-5S,5aR,11bS diastereomers (73) was formed. The reaction of heterodiene 72 with maleic and fumaric acids and their derivatives (maleic anhydride, esters) passed diastereoselectively. Moreover, independently of the stereoisomerism of the dienophile, a racemic mixture of rel-(5R,5aR,11bS) derivatives 74 was formed. Itaconic acid and its anhydride as well as trans-aconitic acid reacted in a similar manner forming derivative 75. In the case of trans-aconitic acid, the reaction proceeded with spontaneous decarboxylation at position 5 of thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazole core. rel-(5S,5aR,11bS) derivative 76 was the product of tandem hetero-Diels-Alder-acylation reaction of 72 and cynnamic acids. Compound 75 proved to be an effective reagent for the next chemical transformations. The reaction of 75 with primary amines in acetic acid passed through the amidation stage, followed by spontaneous recycling in spiroimides 77. The thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles 77 were also obtained by the alternative method from itaconic acid imides [38,44,48,49].

Scheme 19

It is important to note that in the reaction of propiolic acid, a classic hetero-Diels-Alder reaction takes place to form 78. The presence of a double bond at positions 5–6 causes planar structure of the bicyclic fragment and creates the spatial obstacles for acylation of the phenolic group. Dehydrogenation of the basic heterocycle with bromine in acetic acid removes these obstacles to obtain the derivative 79 (Scheme 20, Figure 21) [38].

Scheme 20

The reaction of 5-(2-hydroxyphenylmethylidene)isorhodanines with 2(5H)furanone proceeded as a diastereoselective tandem acylation-hetero-Diels-Alder reaction providing novel rel-(5R,5aR,11bS) derivatives 80 (Scheme 21, Figure 22) [43].

Scheme 21

The reactions between 5-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-thioxo-2-thiazolidinones and arylidene pyruvic acids (Scheme 22, Figure 23) yielded the mixture of rel-(5S,5aR,11bR) 81 and rel-(5R,5aS,11bR) 81* diastereisomers in a 2:1 ratio [50]. At the same time, acroleine, crotonic and cynnamic aldehydes in this tandem hetero-Diels-Alder-hemiacetal reaction (Scheme 23) diastereoselectively yielded rel-(5aR,6R,11bS)-6-hydroxy-3,5a,6,11b-tetrahydro-2H,5H-chromeno[4’,3’:4,5]thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazole-2-ones 82.

Scheme 22

In addition to tandem reactions, domino reactions also play an important role in the synthesis of thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazole-based compounds. A domino reaction involves two or more transformations, which result in the formation of bonds (usually C-C bonds) and occur under the same reaction conditions without adding new reagents and/or catalysts. In this process, the subsequent reactions take place as a consequence of the functionality formed in the previous step, for example, obtaining isothiochromeno[4a,4-d]thiazole-2-ones 83 and chromeno[4',3':4,5]thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazole-2-(thi)ones 84,85 in the domino Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels-Alder reaction (Scheme 23, Figure 24) of isorhodanine with 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal ((±)citronelal) and 2-allyloxybenzaldehyde [51]. It should be noted that the reaction of isorhodanine with 2-allyloxybenzaldehyde yielded a mixture of trans- 84 and cis- 84a isomers (5:1). Recrystallization from dioxane can provide individual trans-isomer 84. Alternatively, tetracyclic derivatives 84,85 were synthesised via the domino thionation-hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of 5-(2-allyloxyphenylmethylidene)-4-thiazolidinones 86.

Scheme 23

Another example of the domino Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels-Alder reaction is the interaction of isorhodanine with 2-(2-methylallyloxy)- and 2-(cyclohexene-2-yloxy)benzaldehydes, 2-allyloxynaphthalaldehyde as well as 2-formylphenyl-(E)-3- aryl-2-propenoates (Scheme 24, Figure 25). These reactions allowed the preparation of a series of pentacyclic derivatives characterised by trans- (87-89) or cis-configuration (90) of 5a and 11b protons. Interestingly, when 2-formylphenyl-(E)-3-aryl-2-propenoates are used as reagents, stereoconfiguration of the final products 90 were similar to the derivatives 76 obtained in tandem acylation-hetero-Diels-Alder reaction (Scheme 20, Figure 21). The stereochemistry of the final compounds depends on the endo- and exo-orientation of the dienophile in the transition state. The presence of the allyl moiety in the molecule induces an exo transition state, in contrast to the cinnamoyl fragment which causes endo-orientation of the dienophile due to the orbital interactions [51].

Scheme 24

Conclusions and further perspectives

The combination of several reactive centres in the main core led to different 4-thiazolidinone-based compound subtypes. The main routes for 5-ene-thiazolidinones synthesis and modification, mainly within a structure-based approach, can be compiled into the following groups:

complication of the C5 fragment (following the thesis regarding the crucial impact of the C5 moiety for pharmacological activity);

introduction of the substituents in the N3 position (especially fragments with carboxylic/amino/hydroxy groups);

synthesis of isosteric heterocycles;

combination with other pharmacologically attractive fragments within hybrid pharmacophore approach;

annealing in complex heterocyclic systems;

utilisation of 5-ene-thiazolidinones for the synthesis of other heterocycles.

The realisation of the presented routes is based on a combinatorial approach, privileged substructure-based diversity-oriented synthesis and molecular hybridisation. The chemical transformations cover mainly the reactions which involve the exocyclic double bond in C5 position of the main core and correspond to the abovementioned direction of the 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones modification.

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Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 4-Thionazolidones, derivatives and analogs 4 723-733 82 2014 10.3797/scipharm.1408-05 Lozynskyi Andrii Zimenkovsky Borys Lesyk Roman Scientia Pharmaceutica Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of New Thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles Based on Cinnamic Acid Amides 19 2 4 427-436 21 2017 10.1007/s11030-017-9737-8 Lozynskyi Andrii Zasidko Viktoria Atamanyuk Dmytro Kaminskyy Danylo Derkach Halyna Karpenko Olexandr Ogurtsov Volodymyr Kutsyk Roman Lesyk Roman Molecular Diversity Synthesis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of novel thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles based on aroylacrylic acids 1 1 1 21 2015 10.1515/hc-2014-0204 Lozynskyi Andrii Zimenkovsky Borys Nektegayev Ihor Lesyk Roman Heterocyclic Communications Arylidene pyruvic acids motif in the synthesis of new thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles as potential biologically active compounds 50 12 9501-9508 71 2015 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.019 Zelisko Nataliya Atamanyuk Dmytro Ostapiuk Yuri Bryhas Andriy Matiychuk Vasyl Gzella Andrzej Lesyk Roman Tetrahedron Synthesis of fused thiopyrano[2,3-d][1,3]thiazoles via hetero-Diels–Alder reaction related tandem and domino processes 3 1 720-729 70 2014 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.083 Zelisko Nataliya Atamanyuk Dmytro Vasylenko Olexandr Bryhas Andriy Matiychuk Vasyl Gzella Andrzej Lesyk Roman Tetrahedron Crotonic, cynnamic, and propiolic acids motifs in the synthesis of thiopyrano[2,3-d][1,3]thiazoles via hetero-Diels–Alder reaction and related tandem processes 30 9 3 1245-1249 191 2016 10.1080/10426507.2016.1166108 Lozynskyi Andrii Golota Sergii Zimenkovsky Borys Atamanyuk Dmytro Gzella Andrzej Lesyk Roman Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements Synthesis, anticancer and antiviral activities of novel thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazole-6-carbaldehydes 30 3 6 183-205 33 2017 10.7124/bc.00094f Kryshchyshyn A. P. Atamanyuk D. V. Kaminskyy D. V. Grellier Ph. Lesyk R. B. Biopolymers and Cell Investigation of anticancer and anti-parasitic activity of thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles bearing norbornane moiety 15 8 5230-5240 14 2006 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.03.053 Lesyk Roman Zimenkovsky Borys Atamanyuk Dmytro Jensen Frank Kieć-Kononowicz Katarzyna Gzella Andrzej Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Anticancer thiopyrano[2,3-d][1,3]thiazol-2-ones with norbornane moiety. Synthesis, cytotoxicity, physico-chemical properties, and computational studies 2 4 151-162 29 2008 10.1080/17415990801911723 Atamanyuk Dmytro Zimenkovsky Borys Lesyk Roman Journal of Sulfur Chemistry Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazole-based compounds containing norbornane moiety 30 7 3318-3321 57 2016 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.06.060 Lozynskyi Andrii Zimenkovsky Borys Karkhut Andriy Polovkovych Svyatoslav Gzella Andrzej K. Lesyk Roman Tetrahedron Letters Application of the 2(5 H )furanone motif in the synthesis of new thiopyrano[2,3- d ]thiazoles via the hetero-Diels–Alder reaction and related tandem processes 18 5 1751-1754 58 2017 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.03.062 Zelisko Nataliya Karpenko Olexandr Muzychenko Volodymyr Gzella Andrzej Grellier Philippe Lesyk Roman Tetrahedron Letters trans -Aconitic acid-based hetero -Diels-Alder reaction in the synthesis of thiopyrano[2,3- d ][1,3]thiazole derivatives 2 423-436 81 2013 10.3797/scipharm.1301-13 Atamanyuk Dmytro Scientia Pharmaceutica Synthesis and Biological Activity of New Thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles Containing a Naphthoquinone Moiety 29 2 10 237-244 44 2013 10.1080/00397911.2013.800552 Atamanyuk Dmytro Zimenkovsky Borys Atamanyuk Vasyl Lesyk Roman Synthetic Communications 5-Ethoxymethylidene-4-thioxo-2-thiazolidinone as Versatile Building Block for Novel Biorelevant Small Molecules with Thiopyrano[2,3-d][1,3]thiazole Core 26 10 5 1385-1388 2011 2011 10.1055/s-0030-1260765 Lesyk Roman Kaminskyy Danylo Vasylenko Olexandr Atamanyuk Dmytro Gzella Andrzej Synlett Isorhodanine and Thiorhodanine Motifs in the Synthesis of Fused Thiopyrano[2,3-d][1,3]thiazoles 31 4 8 282-290 33 2017 10.7124/bc.00095a Zelisko N. I. Finiuk N. S. Shvets V. M. Medvid Yu. O. Stoika R. S. Lesyk R. B. Biopolymers and Cell Screening of spiro-substituted thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles for their cytotoxic action on tumor cells 23 12 7071-7074 22 2012 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.091 Zelisko Nataliya Atamanyuk Dmytro Vasylenko Olexandr Grellier Philippe Lesyk Roman Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters Synthesis and antitrypanosomal activity of new 6,6,7-trisubstituted thiopyrano[2,3-d][1,3]thiazoles 3 19 8 2266-2270 45 2015 10.1080/00397911.2015.1076004 Lozynskyi Andrii Zimenkovsky Borys Gzella Andrzej K. Lesyk Roman Synthetic Communications Arylidene Pyruvic Acids Motif in the Synthesis of New 2H,5H-Chromeno[4′,3′:4,5]thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles via Tandem Hetero-Diels–Alder-Hemiacetal Reaction 31 7 4648-4651 49 2008 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.05.062 Matiychuk Vasyl S. Lesyk Roman B. Obushak Mykola D. Gzella Andrzej Atamanyuk Dmytro V. Ostapiuk Yuri V. Kryshchyshyn Anna P. Tetrahedron Letters A new domino-Knoevenagel–hetero-Diels–Alder reaction